INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING

Produce the Problem Solving

 ✍Problem solving is the determination of the basic and seqential steps necessary to arrive at the result of a given problem.It is a logical process of breaking down. The problem into small parts whcich can be solved step-by-step to arrive at the final solution.This need not involve the computer.

What is Algorithms

 ✍An Algorithms present step by step instructions required to solve any problem. "An Algorithms must always have one clearly understood starting point
  and one or more clearly understood ending points."

  Every Algorithms should process the following characterstics.

 ✔Each and Every step should be precise and clear.
 ✔Each step should be performed in a finite time.
 ✔Step should not be repeated infinitely.
 ✔The Desired result should be obtained after the Algorithms terminates.

What is Flowcharts

 ✍A Flowcharts is "Graphical view of Algorithms is called a Flowcharts.It reduce program making time and also reduce error in program".

The symbol of Flowcharts:-

Some rule of Flowcharts:-

 ✔Always Flowcharts start starting box and end always end box.
 ✔Flowcharts always Read top to Bottom.
 ✔Flowcharts always Read Left to Right.

  Flowcharts of Fibonacci Series:-

 

 The program of Fibonacci series in n term?

 

What is Computer Language

 ✍To perform the particular task the programmer writes a sequence of instructions,called program. computer languages can be calssiffed into three board categories.

 ✔Machine Language

 ✔Assembly Language& Low-Level Language

 ✔High-Level Language

 Machine Language:-

 "The set of instructions codes,wheter in bainary or in decimal notation,which can be directly understood by the computer without the help of Translator& Compiler is called a machine language."that can be executed directly by a computer's central processing unit (CPU). Each instruction causes the CPU to perform a very specific task, such as a load, a jump, or an ALU operation on a unit of data in a CPU register or memory.

 Opcode(Operation Code):-

In computing, an opcode (operation code)is the portion of a machine language instruction that specifies the operation to be performed.All computer us a Binary digits (0 and 1) for performing internal operation.

 Operand(Address/Location):-

In computers, an operand is the part of a computer instruction that specifies data that is to be operating on or manipulated and, by extension, the data itself. Basically, a computer instruction describes an operation (add, subtract, and so forth) and the operand or operands on which the operation is to be performed.

 Characterstics of Machine Language:-

Machine language consist of string of Binary Number a typical program instruction to print out a number on the might be: 101100111111010011101100......etc.

 ✔Program written in machine language are executed very fast by computer.
 ✔This language is a machine dependent.
 ✔It is very difficult to write a program by human programmer in this language.It is necessary for the programmer either to memorize many dozens of code
  numbers for the command in the machine's instruction set of constantly refer to a refrence card.
 ✔The programmer is also forced to keep track of the storage locations of data and instruction.

 Assembly Language& Low-Level Language:-

"The Program be easily written in Alphanumeric symbols instead of 0's and 1's.Meaningful and easily rememberable symbols are selected for this purpose.ADD for Addition,SUB for Subtraction,CMP for comparision,etc... symbol are Known as Mnemonics.A program written in Mnemonics is called assembly language.

 Macro Assembler:-

A Program which translate an assembly language program into a machine language program called a Assembler. A macro assembler includes a macroinstruction facility so that (parameterized) assembly language text can be represented by a name, and that name can be used to insert the expanded text into other code.

 Cross Assembler:-

A cross assembler is an assembler that is run on a computer or operating system (the host system) of a different type from the system on which the resulting code is to run (the target system). Cross-assembling facilitates the development of programs for systems that do not have the resources to support software development, such as an embedded system. In such a case, the resulting object code must be transferred to the target system, either via read-only memory (ROM, EPROM, etc.) or a data link using an exact bit-by-bit copy of the object code or a text-based representation of that code, such as Motorola S-record or Intel HEX.

 High-Level Assembler:-

A high-level assembler is a program that provides language abstractions more often associated with high-level languages, such as advanced control structures (IF/THEN/ELSE, DO CASE, etc.) and high-level abstract data types, including structures/records, unions, classes, and sets.

 Micro Assembler:-

A microassembler is a program that helps prepare a microprogram, called firmware, to control the low level operation of a computer.

 Meta Assembler:-

A meta-assembler is a term used in some circles for "a program that accepts the syntactic and semantic description of an assembly language, and generates an assembler for that language." Assembly time is the computational step where an assembler is run.

 Characterstics of Assembly Language:-

 ✔Programming is difficult and time consuming.
 ✔Assembly Language is Machine dependent.
 ✔The program witten in assembly language for one computer can not be used in any other computer.
 ✔An assembly language program contain more instruction as compared to high-level programming language.

 High-Level Programming Language:-

High-Level language can formulate problems more efficiently.The instruction witten in a High-Level language called Statements.

 Characterstics of High-Level Programming Language:-

 ✔High level language are Machine Independent.
 ✔These language are very easy to learn and use.
 ✔The program written in high level language are much less prone to errors.
 ✔writing program in high-level language requires less time and effort which ultimately leads to lower program preparation cost.

Language of High-Level Programming Language:-

 1:-BASIC- Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.
 2:-PASCAL
 3:-FORTRAN- FORmula TRANslation.
 4:-COBAL-Common Business Oriented Language.
 5-PL/1-Programming Language 1.
 6-PROLOG- PROgramming in LOGic.
 7-C,C++,C#,JAVA,ADA,SNOBOL(String Oriented and Symbolic Language)

What is Compiler

✍ A program which Translator a high-level language program into a machine language is called a Compiler.

 ✔A complier converts the high level instruction into machine language.
 ✔Before execution, entire program is executed by the compiler.
 ✔List of errors is created by the compiler after the compilation process.
 ✔An independent executable file is created by the compiler .

What is Interpreter

✍ A program which Translator a high-level language program into a machine language is called a Interpreter.

 ✔interpreter converts the high level instruction into an intermediate form.
 ✔After translating the first line, an interpreter then executes it and so on..
 ✔interpreter stops translating after the first error.
 ✔ interpreter is required by an interpreted program each time.

What is Linker

✍Usually a Longer Program is divided into a number of Smaller program called MODULES.Its is easier to Develop, Test,and Debug Smaller Program.A Linker is a program that links(combines)Smaller programs to form a Single program.

 

What is Loader

✍The loader is a program that loads machine codes of a program into the system memory.It accept programs either in absolute or relocatable format.If a program is in absolute format(the actual addresses of the instruction and data are supplied by the programmer),the loader simply loads the program into the system memory.